Prevalence of Pes Planus Among Army Soldiers of Rawalpindi and Islamabad Due to Prolong Standing and Heavy Equipment Utility

Abstract

Background: Pes planus, commonly known as flat feet, is a condition where the arch of the foot collapses, leading to a flattened sole. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of pes planus among army soldiers and investigate its association with prolonged standing and heavy equipment utility. Understanding these factors is critical for implementing preventive measures to reduce the risk of this condition among soldiers, who often endure extensive physical demands. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted over six months in various army units in Rawalpindi and Islamabad, involving 230 male soldiers aged 25-35 years. Participants were selected using non-probability convenience sampling and had standing duties lasting 4-8 hours while regularly carrying weights of 3 kg or more. Data collection included physical examinations, footprint assessments, and a structured questionnaire. Necessary permissions were obtained from relevant ethical review boards. Data analysis involved SPSS version 27, with frequency charts, and multiple regression analyses to assess the relationship between pes planus and occupational activities. Results: The study population primarily consisted of young soldiers (59% aged 20-30 years). Regarding rank, the largest group was Sepoy (37%), and 53% had served between 6-10 years. Most soldiers (61%) carried heavy equipment weighing 21-25 kg, and 63% had standing duties of 6 hours. The prevalence of pes planus was found to be 15% among soldiers. Symptoms associated with pes planus included pain on use (44.3%), swelling (44.3%), and characteristic calluses (24.3%). Multiple regression analysis revealed that the weight of the equipment carried during standing hours had a significant positive relationship with pes planus development (beta=0.609, R²=0.371, p<0.001), while daily standing hours showed a weaker, non-significant trend (beta=0.109, R²=0.010, p=0.057). Conclusion: The study identified a significant prevalence of pes planus among army soldiers, with heavy equipment utility being a critical factor. Prolonged standing also contributed to the risk, albeit to a lesser extent. These findings underscore the need for preventive measures, such as reducing equipment weight and providing ergonomic support, to mitigate the development of pes planus and enhance soldiers' foot health.